Armistice Day: November 11

The term "armistice" means a cessation of hostilities as a prelude to peace negotiations.  In the context of the First World War 'the armistice' is generally referred to in context of the agreement between the Germans and the Allies to end the war on November 11, 1918.

http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4881205,00.html
Merkel makes history in France on Armistice Day
Two days after French President Nicolas Sarkozy attended Germany's 20th anniversary reunification festivities in Berlin, Chancellor Angela Merkel is in Paris to mark the 91st anniversary of the end of World War I.
Merkel, who is the first German leader to take part in a French Armistice Day parade, joined Sarkozy at the foot of the Arc de Triomphe, where they laid a wreath and rekindled the flame at the tomb of the unknown soldier.
Although not the first German Chancellor to attend Armistice Day events in France, Merkel's presence at the annual parade marking Germany's surrender, is unprecedented.
Standing in Paris 91 years after the end of World War I, Angela Merkel described the relationship between France and Germany as "something special, something unique," and urged "even closer" co-operation between the two countries.

An example to the world
As their national flags fluttered in the wind, the two leaders vowed that their countries would never again go to war against each other. Merkel said that although the past could not be erased, the power of reconciliation helped to bear the burden of what has gone before.
"We show other countries in the world that it is possible to rise above the pain of the past," Merkel said.
The French President told the crowds that it was not an occasion to celebrate, but to remember.
"We are not commenmorating the victory of one people over another but an ordeal that was equally terrible for each side," Sarkozy said.
He said Germany and France had a duty to uphold. "We owe it to the people of Europe, to the people of the world, to propose together, to act together."
Each leader finished their speech with the words "long live France, long live Germany, long live Franco-German friendship."

An official date in the calendar?
Earlier this week, Sarkozy said he would like to see November 11 -- which is already a national holiday in France -- become an official day of German-Frenco reconciliation.
In a statement, he said he thought the time had come "to join with Angela Merkel in Paris to together commenmorate the suffereing and to honor the momory of the combatants and celebrate the peace of which they dreamed in the bottom of their trenches."
But the idea has met with resistance from politicians on both sides. French Defense Minister Herve Morin told the Canal+ television network that he did not welcome the suggestion. He said Franco-German relations were a symbol for the European project.
Helmut Kohl was invited by former president French Jacques Chirac to attend the 80th anniversary commemoration of the 1918 ceasefire in Paris, and although he accepted, he had been voted out of office before the occasion came to pass. His successor Gerhard Schröder declined to attend.

The battle on the Eastern Front was brought to a close in December 1917 (and followed by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk), as was Romania's war (resulting in the Treaty of Bucharest).

Germany may have agreed an armistice on November 11, but Bulgaria called it quits on 30 September of the same year, 1918.  Turkey and Austria-Hungary - the latter having essentially sparked the war in the first place - concluded an armistice within days of each other, on 30 October and 3 November 1918; both were exhausted and could no longer continue to prosecute the war.

However the most significant armistice was signed at 5 a.m. on the morning of 11 November 1918, and came into effect six hours later at 11 a.m. (hence the oft-quoted 'eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month').

President Woodrow WilsonInitiating the armistice negotiations on 4 October 1918, the Germans directed peace feelers towards the U.S. government led by President Wilson.  The Germans were keen to conclude a peace based upon Wilson's famous Fourteen Points.

Wilson was naturally willing to conclude a peace based upon his doctrine for future peace and stability; however his allies, never particularly keen on the Fourteen Points, raised immediate objections.  Britain, led by Lloyd George, opposed a ban on a policy of blockades; France was intent on imposing swingeing reparations upon the 'beaten' foe.

Wilson compromised by accepting both objections whilst threatening to negotiate a separate peace on behalf of the U.S. if Britain and France continued with their objections.  His ploy successful, details of a proposed settlement were sent to Germany on 5 November by the Supreme War Council.

A major potential stumbling block to peace was Wilson's insistence upon the abdication of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II.  This was overcome by German Chancellor Max von Baden's exasperated decision to announce the reluctant Wilhelm's abdication to the public on 9 November 1918 (subsequently made official by the Kaiser's abdication proclamation on 28 November).

On 8 November a German delegation met with Allied Supreme Commander Ferdinand Foch - who was to lead the military negotiations - in the forest of Compiegne, some 65 km north-east of Paris.

The armistice was formally signed in Foch's railway carriage on 11 November (in 1940 Hitler exacted revenge by forcing the French to sign an armistice - on German terms - in the same railway carriage).

The armistice initially ran for 30 days but was regularly renewed until the formal peace treaty was signed at Versailles the following year.  Should the Germans have deviated in any way from the terms of the armistice the Allies warned that a resumption of hostilities would begin within 48 hours.

The terms of the armistice required the Germans to evacuate German-occupied territories on the Western Front within two weeks.  Allied forces were to occupy the left bank of the Rhine within a month, and a neutral zone established on the right bank.

Notably, all German-occupied territories elsewhere were to be abandoned; and the treaties already negotiated with Russia and Romania were officially annulled (the Russian peace treaty in particular had been denounced by Trotsky as annexationist in character).

In terms of military equipment, under the terms of the armistice the Germans lost 5,000 artillery pieces, 30,000 machine guns, 3,000 minenwerfer, 2,000 aircraft, 5,000 locomotives, 150,000 railway wagons, 5,000 trucks and its entire submarine fleet.  The majority of Germany's surface naval fleet were interned; the remainder were disbanded.

The terms of the armistice were inevitably seen as punitive within Germany.  The country however was in no condition to resume hostilities and so reluctantly accepted the conditions.  The French nevertheless viewed the terms of the armistice - and the Versailles peace treaty that followed in 1919 - as overly lenient, indicating the widely contrasting views of both the armistice and the subsequent treaty.

Shortly after the armistice was agreed President Wilson announced details to Congress, and further celebrated the agreement in a Thanksgiving Address at the close of the month.